This example uses both channels of USRP® B210, X300 or X310 to receive an LTE downlink signal. The LTE System Toolbox™ is used to synchronize, demodulate and decode the signal sent by the accompanying example sdruLTE2x2SIB1Tx.m. Since the transmitted signal uses a transmit diversity scheme, orthogonal space frequency block code (OSFBC) decoding is performed by the function lteTransmitDiversityDecode. In the end, the SIB1 field, the first of the System Information Blocks, is recovered and the CRC is checked.
This example uses the SDRu Receiver System object™. The ChannelMapping property of the object is set to [1 2] to enable use of both channels. The step method outputs a two-column matrix in which the first column is the signal from 'RF A' of the radio and the second column is the signal from 'RF B' of the radio.
Before starting this example, please run sdruLTE2x2SIB1Tx.m in a separate MATLAB session. In Windows, if two B210 radios are used for these examples, each radio must be connected to a separate computer.
Please refer to the Setup and Configuration section of Documentation for USRP® Radio for details on configuring your host computer to work with the SDRu Receiver System object.
radioFound = false; radiolist = findsdru; for i = 1:length(radiolist) if strcmp(radiolist(i).Status, 'Success') if strcmp(radiolist(i).Platform, 'B210') radio = comm.SDRuReceiver('Platform','B210', ... 'SerialNum', radiolist(i).SerialNum); radio.MasterClockRate = 1.92e6 * 4; % Need to exceed 5 MHz minimum radio.DecimationFactor = 4; % Sampling rate is 1.92e6 radioFound = true; break; end if (strcmp(radiolist(i).Platform, 'X300') || ... strcmp(radiolist(i).Platform, 'X310')) radio = comm.SDRuReceiver('Platform',radiolist(i).Platform, ... 'IPAddress', radiolist(i).IPAddress); radio.MasterClockRate = 184.32e6; radio.DecimationFactor = 96; % Sampling rate is 1.92e6 radioFound = true; end end end if ~radioFound error(message('sdru:examples:NeedMIMORadio')); end radio.ChannelMapping = [1 2]; % Receive signals from both channels radio.CenterFrequency = 900e6; radio.Gain = 30; radio.SamplesPerFrame = 19200; % Sampling rate is 1.92 MHz. LTE frames are 10 ms long radio.OutputDataType = 'double'; radio.EnableBurstMode = true; radio.NumFramesInBurst = 4; radio.OverrunOutputPort = true; radio
Checking radio connections... radio = System: comm.SDRuReceiver Properties: Platform: 'B210' SerialNum: 'ECR04ZDBT' ChannelMapping: [1 2] CenterFrequency: 900000000 LocalOscillatorOffset: 0 Gain: 30 PPSSource: 'Internal' ClockSource: 'Internal' MasterClockRate: 7680000 DecimationFactor: 4 TransportDataType: 'int16' OutputDataType: 'double' SamplesPerFrame: 19200 EnableBurstMode: true NumFramesInBurst: 4
burstCaptures = zeros(19200,4,2); len = 0; for frame = 1:4 while len == 0 [data,len,lostSamples] = step(radio); burstCaptures(:,frame,:) = data; end len = 0; end release(radio); eNodeBOutput = reshape(burstCaptures,[],2); sr = 1.92e6 ; % LTE sampling rate % Check for presence of LTE System Toolbox if isempty(ver('lte')) error(message('sdru:examples:NeedLST')); end % Prior to decoding the MIB, the UE does not know the full system % bandwidth. The primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS and % SSS) and the PBCH (containing the MIB) all lie in the central 72 % subcarriers (6 resource blocks) of the system bandwidth, allowing the UE % to initially demodulate just this central region. Therefore the bandwidth % is initially set to 6 resource blocks. The I/Q waveform needs to be % resampled accordingly. At this stage we also display the spectrum of the % input signal |eNodeBOutput|. % set up some housekeeping variables: % separator for command window logging separator = repmat('-',1,50); % plots if (~exist('channelFigure','var') || ~isvalid(channelFigure)) channelFigure = figure('Visible','off'); end [spectrumAnalyzer,synchCorrPlot,pdcchConstDiagram] = ... hSIB1RecoveryExamplePlots(channelFigure,sr); % PDSCH EVM pdschEVM = comm.EVM(); pdschEVM.MaximumEVMOutputPort = true; % Set eNodeB basic parameters enb = struct; % eNodeB config structure enb.DuplexMode = 'FDD'; % assume FDD duxplexing mode enb.CyclicPrefix = 'Normal'; % assume normal cyclic prefix enb.NDLRB = 6; % Number of resource blocks ofdmInfo = lteOFDMInfo(enb); % Needed to get the sampling rate if (isempty(eNodeBOutput)) fprintf('\nReceived signal must not be empty.\n'); return; end % Display received signal spectrum fprintf('\nPlotting received signal spectrum...\n'); step(spectrumAnalyzer, awgn(eNodeBOutput, 100.0)); if (sr~=ofdmInfo.SamplingRate) fprintf('\nResampling from %0.3fMs/s to %0.3fMs/s for cell search / MIB decoding...\n',sr/1e6,ofdmInfo.SamplingRate/1e6); else fprintf('\nResampling not required; received signal is at desired sampling rate for cell search / MIB decoding (%0.3fMs/s).\n',sr/1e6); end % Downsample received signal nSamples = ceil(ofdmInfo.SamplingRate/round(sr)*size(eNodeBOutput,1)); nRxAnts = size(eNodeBOutput, 2); downsampled = zeros(nSamples, nRxAnts); for i=1:nRxAnts downsampled(:,i) = resample(eNodeBOutput(:,i), ofdmInfo.SamplingRate, round(sr)); end
Plotting received signal spectrum... Resampling not required; received signal is at desired sampling rate for cell search / MIB decoding (1.920Ms/s).
Prior to OFDM demodulation, any significant frequency offset must be removed. The frequency offset in the I/Q waveform is estimated and corrected using lteFrequencyOffset and lteFrequencyCorrect. The frequency offset is estimated by means of correlation of the cyclic prefix and therefore can estimate offsets up to +/- half the subcarrier spacing i.e. +/- 7.5kHz.
fprintf('\nPerforming frequency offset estimation...\n'); % Note that the duplexing mode is set to FDD here because timing synch has % not yet been performed - for TDD we cannot use the duplexing arrangement % to indicate which time periods to use for frequency offset estimation % prior to doing timing synch. delta_f = lteFrequencyOffset(setfield(enb,'DuplexMode','FDD'), downsampled); %#ok<SFLD> fprintf('Frequency offset: %0.3fHz\n',delta_f); downsampled = lteFrequencyCorrect(enb, downsampled, delta_f);
Performing frequency offset estimation... Frequency offset: 689.247Hz
Call lteCellSearch to obtain the cell identity and timing offset offset
to the first frame head. A plot of the correlation between the received signal and the PSS/SSS for the detected cell identity is produced.
% Cell search to find cell identity and timing offset fprintf('\nPerforming cell search...\n'); [cellID, offset] = lteCellSearch(enb, downsampled); % Compute the correlation for each of the three possible primary cell % identities; the peak of the correlation for the cell identity established % above is compared with the peak of the correlation for the other two % primary cell identities in order to establish the quality of the % correlation. corr = cell(1,3); for i = 0:2 enb.NCellID = mod(cellID + i,504); [~,corr{i+1}] = lteDLFrameOffset(enb, downsampled); corr{i+1} = sum(corr{i+1},2); end threshold = 1.3 * max([corr{2}; corr{3}]); % multiplier of 1.3 empirically obtained if (max(corr{1})<threshold) warning('sdru:examples:WeakSignal','Synchronization signal correlation was weak; detected cell identity may be incorrect.'); end enb.NCellID = cellID; % plot PSS/SSS correlation and threshold synchCorrPlot.YLimits = [0 max([corr{1}; threshold])*1.1]; step(synchCorrPlot, [corr{1} threshold*ones(size(corr{1}))]); % perform timing synchronisation fprintf('Timing offset to frame start: %d samples\n',offset); downsampled = downsampled(1+offset:end,:); enb.NSubframe = 0; % show cell-wide settings fprintf('Cell-wide settings after cell search:\n'); disp(enb);
Performing cell search... Timing offset to frame start: 4054 samples Cell-wide settings after cell search: DuplexMode: 'FDD' CyclicPrefix: 'Normal' NDLRB: 6 NCellID: 64 NSubframe: 0
The OFDM downsampled I/Q waveform is demodulated to produce a resource grid rgrid
. This is used to perform channel estimation. hest
is the channel estimate, nest
is an estimate of the noise (for MMSE equalization) and cec
is the channel estimator configuration.
For channel estimation the example assumes 4 cell specific reference signals. This means that channel estimates to each receiver antenna from all possible cell-specific reference signal ports are available. The true number of cell-specific reference signal ports is not yet known. The channel estimation is only performed on the first subframe, i.e. using the first L
OFDM symbols in rxgrid
.
A conservative 9-by-9 pilot averaging window is used, in time and frequency, to reduce the impact of noise on pilot estimates during channel estimation.
% Channel estimator configuration cec.PilotAverage = 'UserDefined'; % Type of pilot averaging cec.FreqWindow = 9; % Frequency window size cec.TimeWindow = 9; % Time window size cec.InterpType = 'cubic'; % 2D interpolation type cec.InterpWindow = 'Centered'; % Interpolation window type cec.InterpWinSize = 1; % Interpolation window size % Assume 4 cell-specific reference signals for initial decoding attempt; % ensures channel estimates are available for all cell-specific reference % signals enb.CellRefP = 4; fprintf('Performing OFDM demodulation...\n\n'); griddims = lteResourceGridSize(enb); % Resource grid dimensions L = griddims(2); % Number of OFDM symbols in a subframe % OFDM demodulate signal rxgrid = lteOFDMDemodulate(enb, downsampled); if (isempty(rxgrid)) fprintf('After timing synchronization, signal is shorter than one subframe so no further demodulation will be performed.\n'); return; end % Perform channel estimation if (strcmpi(enb.DuplexMode,'TDD')) enb.TDDConfig = 0; enb.SSC = 0; end [hest, nest] = lteDLChannelEstimate(enb, cec, rxgrid(:,1:L,:));
Performing OFDM demodulation...
The MIB is now decoded along with the number of cell-specific reference signal ports transmitted as a mask on the BCH CRC. The function ltePBCHDecode establishes frame timing modulo 4 and returns this in the nfmod4
parameter. It also returns the MIB bits in vector mib
and the true number of cell-specific reference signal ports which is assigned into enb.CellRefP
at the output of this function call. If the number of cell-specific reference signal ports is decoded as enb.CellRefP=0
, this indicates a failure to decode the BCH. The function lteMIB is used to parse the bit vector mib
and add the relevant fields to the configuration structure enb
. After MIB decoding, the detected bandwidth is present in enb.NDLRB
.
% Decode the MIB % Extract resource elements (REs) corresponding to the PBCH from the first % subframe across all receive antennas and channel estimates fprintf('Performing MIB decoding...\n'); pbchIndices = ltePBCHIndices(enb); [pbchRx, pbchHest] = lteExtractResources( ... pbchIndices, rxgrid(:,1:L,:), hest(:,1:L,:,:)); % Decode PBCH [bchBits, pbchSymbols, nfmod4, mib, enb.CellRefP] = ltePBCHDecode( ... enb, pbchRx, pbchHest, nest); % Parse MIB bits enb = lteMIB(mib, enb); % Incorporate the nfmod4 value output from the function ltePBCHDecode, as % the NFrame value established from the MIB is the System Frame Number % (SFN) modulo 4 (it is stored in the MIB as floor(SFN/4)) enb.NFrame = enb.NFrame+nfmod4; % Display cell wide settings after MIB decoding fprintf('Cell-wide settings after MIB decoding:\n'); disp(enb); if (enb.CellRefP==0) fprintf('MIB decoding failed (enb.CellRefP=0).\n\n'); return; end if (enb.NDLRB==0) fprintf('MIB decoding failed (enb.NDLRB=0).\n\n'); return; end
Performing MIB decoding... Cell-wide settings after MIB decoding: DuplexMode: 'FDD' CyclicPrefix: 'Normal' NDLRB: 6 NCellID: 64 NSubframe: 0 CellRefP: 2 PHICHDuration: 'Normal' Ng: 'Sixth' NFrame: 107
Now that the signal bandwidth is known, the signal is resampled to the nominal sampling rate used by LTE System Toolbox for that bandwidth (see lteOFDMModulate for details). Frequency offset estimation and correction is performed on the resampled signal. Timing synchronization and OFDM demodulation are then performed.
fprintf('Restarting reception now that bandwidth (NDLRB=%d) is known...\n',enb.NDLRB); % Resample now we know the true bandwidth ofdmInfo = lteOFDMInfo(enb); if (sr~=ofdmInfo.SamplingRate) fprintf('\nResampling from %0.3fMs/s to %0.3fMs/s...\n',sr/1e6,ofdmInfo.SamplingRate/1e6); else fprintf('\nResampling not required; received signal is at desired sampling rate for NDLRB=%d (%0.3fMs/s).\n',enb.NDLRB,sr/1e6); end nSamples = ceil(ofdmInfo.SamplingRate/round(sr)*size(eNodeBOutput,1)); resampled = zeros(nSamples, nRxAnts); for i = 1:nRxAnts resampled(:,i) = resample(eNodeBOutput(:,i), ofdmInfo.SamplingRate, round(sr)); end % Perform frequency offset estimation and correction fprintf('\nPerforming frequency offset estimation...\n'); % Note that the duplexing mode is set to FDD here because timing synch has % not yet been performed - for TDD we cannot use the duplexing arrangement % to indicate which time periods to use for frequency offset estimation % prior to doing timing synch. delta_f = lteFrequencyOffset(setfield(enb,'DuplexMode','FDD'), resampled); %#ok<SFLD> fprintf('Frequency offset: %0.3fHz\n',delta_f); resampled = lteFrequencyCorrect(enb, resampled, delta_f); % Find beginning of frame fprintf('\nPerforming timing offset estimation...\n'); offset = lteDLFrameOffset(enb, resampled); fprintf('Timing offset to frame start: %d samples\n',offset); % aligning signal with the start of the frame resampled = resampled(1+offset:end,:); % OFDM demodulation fprintf('\nPerforming OFDM demodulation...\n\n'); rxgrid = lteOFDMDemodulate(enb, resampled);
Restarting reception now that bandwidth (NDLRB=6) is known... Resampling not required; received signal is at desired sampling rate for NDLRB=6 (1.920Ms/s). Performing frequency offset estimation... Frequency offset: 689.247Hz Performing timing offset estimation... Timing offset to frame start: 4054 samples Performing OFDM demodulation...
The following steps are performed in this section:
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) demodulation, CFI decoding
PDCCH decoding
Blind PDCCH search
SIB bits recovery: PDSCH demodulation and DL-SCH decoding
Buffering and resetting of the DL-SCH HARQ state
After recovery the SIB CRC should be 0.
These decoding steps are performed in a loop for each occurrence of a subframe carrying SIB1 in the received signal. As mentioned above, the SIB1 is transmitted in subframe 5 of every even frame, so the input signal is first checked to establish that at least one occurrence of SIB1 is present. For each SIB1 subframe, the channel estimate magnitude response is plotted, as is the constellation of the received PDCCH.
% Check this frame contains SIB1, if not advance by 1 frame provided we % have enough data, terminate otherwise. if (mod(enb.NFrame,2)~=0) if (size(rxgrid,2)>=(L*10)) rxgrid(:,1:(L*10),:) = []; fprintf('Skipping frame %d (odd frame number does not contain SIB1).\n\n',enb.NFrame); else rxgrid = []; end enb.NFrame = enb.NFrame + 1; end % Advance to subframe 5, or terminate if we have less than 5 subframes if (size(rxgrid,2)>=(L*5)) rxgrid(:,1:(L*5),:) = []; % Remove subframes 0 to 4 else rxgrid = []; end enb.NSubframe = 5; if (isempty(rxgrid)) fprintf('Received signal does not contain a subframe carrying SIB1.\n\n'); end % Reset the HARQ buffers decState = []; % While we have more data left, attempt to decode SIB1 while (size(rxgrid,2) > 0) fprintf('%s\n',separator); fprintf('SIB1 decoding for frame %d\n',mod(enb.NFrame,1024)); fprintf('%s\n\n',separator); % Reset the HARQ buffer with each new set of 8 frames as the SIB1 % info may be different if (mod(enb.NFrame,8)==0) fprintf('Resetting HARQ buffers.\n\n'); decState = []; end % Extract current subframe rxsubframe = rxgrid(:,1:L,:); % Perform channel estimation [hest,nest] = lteDLChannelEstimate(enb, cec, rxsubframe); % PCFICH demodulation, CFI decoding. The CFI is now demodulated and % decoded using similar resource extraction and decode functions to % those shown already for BCH reception. lteExtractResources is used to % extract REs corresponding to the PCFICH from the received subframe % rxsubframe and channel estimate hest. fprintf('Decoding CFI...\n\n'); pcfichIndices = ltePCFICHIndices(enb); % Get PCFICH indices [pcfichRx, pcfichHest] = lteExtractResources(pcfichIndices, rxsubframe, hest); % Decode PCFICH cfiBits = ltePCFICHDecode(enb, pcfichRx, pcfichHest, nest); cfi = lteCFIDecode(cfiBits); % Get CFI if (isfield(enb,'CFI') && cfi~=enb.CFI) release(pdcchConstDiagram); end enb.CFI = cfi; fprintf('Decoded CFI value: %d\n\n', enb.CFI); % For TDD, the PDCCH must be decoded blindly across possible values of % the PHICH configuration factor m_i (0,1,2) in TS36.211 Table 6.9-1. % Values of m_i = 0, 1 and 2 can be achieved by configuring TDD % uplink-downlink configurations 1, 6 and 0 respectively. if (strcmpi(enb.DuplexMode,'TDD')) tddConfigs = [1 6 0]; else tddConfigs = 0; % not used for FDD, only used to control while loop end dci = {}; while (isempty(dci) && ~isempty(tddConfigs)) % Configure TDD uplink-downlink configuration if (strcmpi(enb.DuplexMode,'TDD')) enb.TDDConfig = tddConfigs(1); end tddConfigs(1) = []; % PDCCH demodulation. The PDCCH is now demodulated and decoded % using similar resource extraction and decode functions to those % shown already for BCH and CFI reception pdcchIndices = ltePDCCHIndices(enb); % Get PDCCH indices [pdcchRx, pdcchHest] = lteExtractResources(pdcchIndices, rxsubframe, hest); % Decode PDCCH and plot constellation [dciBits, pdcchSymbols] = ltePDCCHDecode(enb, pdcchRx, pdcchHest, nest); step(pdcchConstDiagram, pdcchSymbols); % PDCCH blind search for System Information (SI) and DCI decoding. % The LTE System Toolbox provides full blind search of the PDCCH to % find any DCI messages with a specified RNTI, in this case the % SI-RNTI. fprintf('PDCCH search for SI-RNTI...\n\n'); pdcch = struct('RNTI', 65535); dci = ltePDCCHSearch(enb, pdcch, dciBits); % Search PDCCH for DCI end % If DCI was decoded, proceed with decoding PDSCH / DL-SCH if ~isempty(dci) dci = dci{1}; fprintf('DCI message with SI-RNTI:\n'); disp(dci); % Get the PDSCH configuration from the DCI [pdsch, trblklen] = hPDSCHConfiguration(enb, dci, pdcch.RNTI); pdsch.NTurboDecIts = 5; fprintf('PDSCH settings after DCI decoding:\n'); disp(pdsch); % PDSCH demodulation and DL-SCH decoding to recover SIB bits. % The DCI message is now parsed to give the configuration of the % corresponding PDSCH carrying SIB1, the PDSCH is demodulated and % finally the received bits are DL-SCH decoded to yield the SIB1 % bits. fprintf('Decoding SIB1...\n\n'); % Get PDSCH indices [pdschIndices,pdschIndicesInfo] = ltePDSCHIndices(enb, pdsch, pdsch.PRBSet); [pdschRx, pdschHest] = lteExtractResources(pdschIndices, rxsubframe, hest); % Decode PDSCH [dlschBits,pdschSymbols] = ltePDSCHDecode(enb, pdsch, pdschRx, pdschHest, nest); % Decode DL-SCH with soft buffer input/output for HARQ combining if ~isempty(decState) fprintf('Recombining with previous transmission.\n\n'); end [sib1, crc, decState] = lteDLSCHDecode(enb, pdsch, trblklen, dlschBits, decState); % Compute PDSCH EVM recoded = lteDLSCH(enb, pdsch, pdschIndicesInfo.G, sib1); remod = ltePDSCH(enb, pdsch, recoded); [~,refSymbols] = ltePDSCHDecode(enb, pdsch, remod); release(pdschEVM); [rmsevm,peakevm] = step(pdschEVM, refSymbols{1}, pdschSymbols{1}); fprintf('PDSCH RMS EVM: %0.3f%%\n',rmsevm); fprintf('PDSCH Peak EVM: %0.3f%%\n\n',peakevm); fprintf('SIB1 CRC: %d\n',crc); if crc == 0 fprintf('Successful SIB1 recovery.\n\n'); else fprintf('SIB1 decoding failed.\n\n'); end else % indicate that DCI decoding failed fprintf('DCI decoding failed.\n\n'); end % Update channel estimate plot figure(channelFigure); surf(abs(hest(:,:,1,1))); hSIB1RecoveryExamplePlots(channelFigure); channelFigure.CurrentAxes.XLim = [0 size(hest,2)+1]; channelFigure.CurrentAxes.YLim = [0 size(hest,1)+1]; % Skip 2 frames and try SIB1 decoding again, or terminate if we % have less than 2 frames left. if (size(rxgrid,2)>=(L*20)) rxgrid(:,1:(L*20),:) = []; % Remove 2 more frames else rxgrid = []; % Less than 2 frames left end enb.NFrame = enb.NFrame+2; end
Skipping frame 107 (odd frame number does not contain SIB1). -------------------------------------------------- SIB1 decoding for frame 108 -------------------------------------------------- Decoding CFI... Decoded CFI value: 3 PDCCH search for SI-RNTI... DCI message with SI-RNTI: DCIFormat: 'Format1A' CIF: 0 AllocationType: 0 Allocation: [1x1 struct] ModCoding: 5 HARQNo: 0 NewData: 0 RV: 3 TPCPUCCH: 0 TDDIndex: 0 PDSCH settings after DCI decoding: RNTI: 65535 PRBSet: [6x1 uint64] NLayers: 2 Modulation: {'QPSK'} RV: 3 TxScheme: 'TxDiversity' NTurboDecIts: 5 Decoding SIB1... PDSCH RMS EVM: 14.875% PDSCH Peak EVM: 47.133% SIB1 CRC: 0 Successful SIB1 recovery. -------------------------------------------------- SIB1 decoding for frame 110 -------------------------------------------------- Decoding CFI... Decoded CFI value: 3 PDCCH search for SI-RNTI... DCI message with SI-RNTI: DCIFormat: 'Format1A' CIF: 0 AllocationType: 0 Allocation: [1x1 struct] ModCoding: 5 HARQNo: 0 NewData: 0 RV: 1 TPCPUCCH: 0 TDDIndex: 0 PDSCH settings after DCI decoding: RNTI: 65535 PRBSet: [6x1 uint64] NLayers: 2 Modulation: {'QPSK'} RV: 1 TxScheme: 'TxDiversity' NTurboDecIts: 5 Decoding SIB1... Recombining with previous transmission. PDSCH RMS EVM: 15.589% PDSCH Peak EVM: 37.974% SIB1 CRC: 0 Successful SIB1 recovery.
In this example, MIMO transmission is performed on four links between two transmit antennas and two receive antennas. The following plot provides a snapshot of the estimated channel coefficients.
figure('Position',[0 0 800 600]) plot(abs(hest(:,1,1,1)),'b-') hold on plot(abs(hest(:,1,2,1)),'r-.') plot(abs(hest(:,1,1,2)),'k--') plot(abs(hest(:,1,2,2)),'m.') hold off grid on m = max(reshape(abs(hest(:,1,:,:)),[],1)); axis([0 size(hest,1)+1 0 m*1.3]) title('Channel Estimate for First OFDM Symbol') xlabel('Subcarrier Index') ylabel('Magnitude of Estimated Channel Coefficient') legend('TX1 to RX1','TX1 to RX2', ... 'TX2 to RX1','TX2 to RX2', ... 'Location', 'northeast')
Run this example and sdruLTE2x2SIB1Tx.m on two computers
Double DecimationFactor in this example and InterpolationFactor in sdruLTE2x2SIB1Tx.m
Start MATLAB in -nodesktop mode before running sdruLTE2x2SIB1Tx.m
If you are using one computer with two B210 radios, do not connect them to adjacent USB ports
This example uses the following helper functions:
Universal Software Radio Peripheral® and USRP® are trademarks of National Instruments Corp.