Value to differentiate is not traced. It must be a traced real dlarray scalar. Use dlgradient inside a function called by dlfeval to trace the variables.

I'm training a network predicting 9 noise current values(first 6 magnitudes, last 3 phase) with a custom loss function, but I got this error when traning the network.

Error using dlarray/dlgradient (line 105)
Value to differentiate is not traced. It must be a traced real dlarray scalar. Use dlgradient inside a function called by dlfeval to trace the variables.

The following is my custom loss function.

function [total_loss, gradients] = forwardLoss_3port_V4(dlnet, dX, dY8, dY18)

    % Forward pass through the network head
    rawOut = forward(dlnet, dX);
    rawOut = extractdata(rawOut);
    dY8 = extractdata(dY8);
    dY18 = extractdata(dY18);
    B = size(dY8 , 2);
    %Division of predicted data
    mags_pred = 1./(1 + exp(-rawOut(1:6,:)));
    phases_pred = pi*tanh(rawOut(7:9,:));

    %Creating minmax values for the true values
    phase_tar12 = atan2(dY8(3,:), dY8(4,:));
    re12 = dY8(3,:);
    im12 = dY8(4,:);
    mag_tar12 = hypot(re12, im12);


    a = log10(dY8(1,:));
    b = log10(dY8(7,:));
    c = log10(max(mag_tar12, realmin('double')));
  
    yLog = [a,b,c];

    minmax_target = [min(yLog, [], 1).', max(yLog, [], 1).'];

    %revamp the predicted magnitudes and build the Cy3
    preC11 = mags_pred(1,:) .* (minmax_target(1,2) - minmax_target(1,1)) + minmax_target(1,1);
    C11 = 10.^preC11;
    preC22 = mags_pred(2,:) .* (minmax_target(2,2) - minmax_target(2,1)) + minmax_target(2,1);
    C22 = 10.^preC22;
    preC33 = mags_pred(3,:) .* (minmax_target(1,2) - minmax_target(1,1)) + minmax_target(1,1);
    C33 = 10.^preC33;
    

    pre_offdiag = mags_pred(4:6,:) .* (minmax_target(3,2) - minmax_target(3,1)) + minmax_target(3,1);
    magC12 = 10.^pre_offdiag(1,:);
    magC13 = 10.^pre_offdiag(2,:);
    magC23 = 10.^pre_offdiag(3,:);
        
    % Build complex off-diagonals from mag & phase
    C12 = magC12 .* exp(1i * phases_pred(1,:));    % [1×B]
    C13 = magC13 .* exp(1i * phases_pred(2,:));    % [1×B]
    C23 = magC23 .* exp(1i * phases_pred(3,:));

    Cy3 = dlarray(complex(zeros(3,3,B)));
    % Diagonals
    Cy3(1,1,:) = reshape(C11, 1,1,[]);
    Cy3(2,2,:) = reshape(C22, 1,1,[]);
    Cy3(3,3,:) = reshape(C33, 1,1,[]);
    
    % Off-diagonals
    Cy3(1,2,:) = reshape(C12, 1,1,[]);  Cy3(2,1,:) = conj(Cy3(1,2,:));
    Cy3(1,3,:) = reshape(C13, 1,1,[]);  Cy3(3,1,:) = conj(Cy3(1,3,:));
    Cy3(2,3,:) = reshape(C23, 1,1,[]);  Cy3(3,2,:) = conj(Cy3(2,3,:));
    

    % Y3 from flattened [Re(9) Im(9)]
    Y3r_flat = reshape(dY18(1:9,:), 3,3,[]);
    Y3i_flat = reshape(dY18(10:18,:), 3,3,[]);
    Y3_all = Y3r_flat + 1i*Y3i_flat;

    % Z_source (unscale from normalized features)
    Zs = rescaleVector(dX(end-1,:), 10, 50, 0, 1) + 1j*rescaleVector(dX(end,:), -50, 50, -1, 1) ;
  
    Ys = 1./(Zs);  % 1x1xfreq admittance

    % Source noise (targets include it)
    G2 = 2*physconst('boltzmann')*290*real(Ys);
    
    G2 = reshape(G2, 1,1,[]);
    Y2 = reshape(Ys, 1,1,[]);

    % Which node of the 3-port is connected to the 1-port
    ports1 = 3; ports2 = 1;

    % Cascade → external 2-port
    Gc = cascadeNoiseCorrelation(Y3_all, Cy3, Y2, G2, ports1, ports2); % 2x2xfreq

    % Cascade elements
    y11n_pred = log10(real(Gc(1,1,:)));
    y22n_pred = log10(real(Gc(2,2,:)));
    y12n_pred = log10(hypot(real(Gc(1,2,:)), imag(Gc(1,2,:))));
    y12p_pred = atan2(imag(Gc(1,2,:)), real(Gc(1,2,:)));
    % 2x2 target
    y11n_tar = log10(dY8(1,:));
    y22n_tar = log10(dY8(7,:));
    y12n_tar = c;
    y12p_tar = phase_tar12;
    

    deltaphi = y12p_pred - y12p_tar;
    deltaphi = atan2(sin(deltaphi), cos(deltaphi));

    mag12_term = (y12n_tar - y12n_pred).^2;

    alpha = 0.1;
    phase12_term = 0.5 .* (y12n_tar.^2) .* (1-cos(pi*deltaphi));

    beta = 1.0;
    mag11_term = (y11n_tar - y11n_pred).^2;
    mag22_term = (y22n_tar - y22n_pred).^2;

    per_ex = mag12_term + alpha.*phase12_term + beta.*(mag11_term + mag22_term);
    total_loss = mean(per_ex, 'all');
    total_loss = dlarray(total_loss);

    
    % Backprop
    gradients = dlgradient(total_loss, dlnet.Learnables);
end

The cascadeNoiseCorrelation function is written below (in case needed for analysis):

function [Gc] = cascadeNoiseCorrelation(Y1, G1, Y2, G2, ports1, ports2)
% Cascades current noise correlation matrices over frequency
% 
% Inputs:
%  Y1,Y2   m×m×f bzw. n×n×f admittances
%  G1,G2   m×m×f bzw. n×n×f noise correlation matrices
%  ports1,ports2  vector with connecting ports of each Network of same length c
%
% Outputs:
%  Gc      (m+n-c)×(m+n-c)×f current noise correlation matrix

    % Preallocate:
    % External Ports
    ext1 = setdiff(1:size(Y1,1), sort(ports1));
    ext2 = setdiff(1:size(Y2,1), sort(ports2));
    rows1 = [ext1, ports1];
    rows2 = [ext2, ports2];

    freq = size(Y1,3);
    N = numel(ext1) + numel(ext2);
    Gc = complex(zeros(N,N,freq));
            
    % block partitioning
    m_ext = numel(ext1);
    n_ext = numel(ext2);

    for k = 1:freq
        % Temporary 2D-Matrices
        Y1k = Y1(:,:,k);
        Y2k = Y2(:,:,k);
        G1k = G1(:,:,k);
        G2k = G2(:,:,k);

        % Permutated Matrices
        Y1p = Y1k(rows1, rows1);
        Y2p = Y2k(rows2, rows2);
        G1p = G1k(rows1, rows1);
        G2p = G2k(rows2, rows2);

        % Y-Parameters from external to internal
        Y_ei = [ Y1p(1:m_ext,m_ext+1:end); Y2p(1:n_ext,n_ext+1:end) ];
        % Combined internal Yii parameters
        Y_ii = Y1p(m_ext+1:end,m_ext+1:end) + Y2p(n_ext+1:end,n_ext+1:end);

        % Noise contributions seperated to:
        % external to external
        G_ee = blkdiag(G1p(1:m_ext,1:m_ext), G2p(1:n_ext,1:n_ext));
        % internal to internal
        G_ii = G1p(m_ext+1:end,m_ext+1:end) + G2p(n_ext+1:end,n_ext+1:end);
        % external to internal
        G_ei = [G1p(1:m_ext,m_ext+1:end) ; G2p(1:n_ext,n_ext+1:end)];
        % internal to external
        G_ie = [G1p(m_ext+1:end,1:m_ext) , G2p(n_ext+1:end,1:n_ext)];
        % total noise correlation matrix
        G_tot = [G_ii, G_ie; G_ei, G_ee];
        
        % Noise current transition function from internal currents to external ports
        Hj = -Y_ei/(Y_ii);
        % Total noise transition matrix
        Htot = [Hj, eye(N)];

        % Total noise correlation matrix
        Gc(:,:,k) = Htot*G_tot*Htot';
    end
end

My training intialization is also presented:

        function initDLnet(obj)
            % Define DL Network
            % define input layer
            networkLayers = [featureInputLayer(obj.InputDim, 'Name', 'ParameterInputs')];
            % define hidden layer
            for i_layer = 1:obj.numHiddenLayer
                networkLayers = [
                    networkLayers
                    fullyConnectedLayer(round(obj.InputDim*obj.hiddenLayerScaling), 'Name', "fc"+num2str(i_layer))
                    layerNormalizationLayer('Name',"ln"+num2str(i_layer))
                    reluLayer('Name', "relu"+num2str(i_layer))
                    ];
            end
            % define output layer
            networkLayers = [
                networkLayers
                fullyConnectedLayer(obj.OutputDim, 'Name', 'fcout');
                % tanhLayer("Name", "dOutput")
                % sigmoidLayer('Name', 'Output');
                % reluLayer('Name', 'dOutput');
                ];

            obj.DLnet = dlnetwork(networkLayers);
        end

Answer 1

[Matt J]

    rawOut = extractdata(rawOut);
    dY8 = extractdata(dY8);
    dY18 = extractdata(dY18);

If you pre-convert all your inputs to normal arrays at the top of your code, then none of your operations will be traced. In order for a sequence of operations to be traced for the purpose of using a dlgradient, the sequence must be a continuous chain of dlarray operations.