verify

Verify label

Since R2021a

Syntax

tf = verify(ivs,data,label)

tf = verify(ivs,data,label,scorer)

tf = verify(ivs,data,label,scorer,threshold)

[tf,score] = verify(___)

Description

tf = verify(ivs,data,label) returns true if i-vector system ivs finds that data corresponds to label and false otherwise.

tf = verify(ivs,data,label,scorer) specifies the scorer used for verification.

tf = verify(ivs,data,label,scorer,threshold) specifies the decision threshold used for the score.

[tf,score] = verify(___) also returns a score indicating the similarity between the i-vector derived from the data and the i-vector template corresponding to the label.

Examples

Train Speaker Verification System

Use the Pitch Tracking Database from Graz University of Technology (PTDB-TUG) [1]. The data set consists of 20 English native speakers reading 2342 phonetically rich sentences from the TIMIT corpus. Download and extract the data set.

downloadFolder = matlab.internal.examples.downloadSupportFile("audio","ptdb-tug.zip");
dataFolder = tempdir;
unzip(downloadFolder,dataFolder)
dataset = fullfile(dataFolder,"ptdb-tug");

Create an audioDatastore object that points to the data set. The data set was originally intended for use in pitch-tracking training and evaluation and includes laryngograph readings and baseline pitch decisions. Use only the original audio recordings.

ads = audioDatastore([fullfile(dataset,"SPEECH DATA","FEMALE","MIC"),fullfile(dataset,"SPEECH DATA","MALE","MIC")], ...
                     IncludeSubfolders=true, ...
                     FileExtensions=".wav");

The file names contain the speaker IDs. Decode the file names to set the labels in the audioDatastore object.

ads.Labels = extractBetween(ads.Files,"mic_","_");
countEachLabel(ads)

ans=20×2 table
    Label    Count
    _____    _____

     F01      236 
     F02      236 
     F03      236 
     F04      236 
     F05      236 
     F06      236 
     F07      236 
     F08      234 
     F09      236 
     F10      236 
     M01      236 
     M02      236 
     M03      236 
     M04      236 
     M05      236 
     M06      236 
      ⋮

Read an audio file from the data set, listen to it, and plot it.

[audioIn,audioInfo] = read(ads);
fs = audioInfo.SampleRate;

t = (0:size(audioIn,1)-1)/fs;
sound(audioIn,fs)
plot(t,audioIn)
xlabel("Time (s)")
ylabel("Amplitude")
axis([0 t(end) -1 1])
title("Sample Utterance from Data Set")

Separate the audioDatastore object into four: one for training, one for enrollment, one to evaluate the detection-error tradeoff, and one for testing. The training set contains 16 speakers. The enrollment, detection-error tradeoff, and test sets contain the other four speakers.

speakersToTest = categorical(["M01","M05","F01","F05"]);

adsTrain = subset(ads,~ismember(ads.Labels,speakersToTest));

ads = subset(ads,ismember(ads.Labels,speakersToTest));
[adsEnroll,adsTest,adsDET] = splitEachLabel(ads,3,1);

Display the label distributions of the audioDatastore objects.

countEachLabel(adsTrain)

ans=16×2 table
    Label    Count
    _____    _____

     F02      236 
     F03      236 
     F04      236 
     F06      236 
     F07      236 
     F08      234 
     F09      236 
     F10      236 
     M02      236 
     M03      236 
     M04      236 
     M06      236 
     M07      236 
     M08      236 
     M09      236 
     M10      236 

countEachLabel(adsEnroll)

ans=4×2 table
    Label    Count
    _____    _____

     F01       3  
     F05       3  
     M01       3  
     M05       3  

countEachLabel(adsTest)

ans=4×2 table
    Label    Count
    _____    _____

     F01       1  
     F05       1  
     M01       1  
     M05       1  

countEachLabel(adsDET)

ans=4×2 table
    Label    Count
    _____    _____

     F01      232 
     F05      232 
     M01      232 
     M05      232 

Create an i-vector system. By default, the i-vector system assumes the input to the system is mono audio signals.

speakerVerification = ivectorSystem(SampleRate=fs)

speakerVerification = 
  ivectorSystem with properties:

         InputType: 'audio'
        SampleRate: 48000
      DetectSpeech: 1
           Verbose: 1
    EnrolledLabels: [0×2 table]

To train the extractor of the i-vector system, call trainExtractor. Specify the number of universal background model (UBM) components as 128 and the number of expectation maximization iterations as 5. Specify the total variability space (TVS) rank as 64 and the number of iterations as 3.

trainExtractor(speakerVerification,adsTrain, ...
    UBMNumComponents=128,UBMNumIterations=5, ...
    TVSRank=64,TVSNumIterations=3)

Calculating standardization factors ....done.
Training universal background model ........done.
Training total variability space ......done.
i-vector extractor training complete.

To train the classifier of the i-vector system, use trainClassifier. To reduce dimensionality of the i-vectors, specify the number of eigenvectors in the projection matrix as 16. Specify the number of dimensions in the probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA) model as 16, and the number of iterations as 3.

trainClassifier(speakerVerification,adsTrain,adsTrain.Labels, ...
    NumEigenvectors=16, ...
    PLDANumDimensions=16,PLDANumIterations=3)

Extracting i-vectors ...done.
Training projection matrix .....done.
Training PLDA model ......done.
i-vector classifier training complete.

To calibrate the system so that scores can be interpreted as a measure of confidence in a positive decision, use calibrate.

calibrate(speakerVerification,adsTrain,adsTrain.Labels)

Extracting i-vectors ...done.
Calibrating CSS scorer ...done.
Calibrating PLDA scorer ...done.
Calibration complete.

To inspect parameters used previously to train the i-vector system, use info.

info(speakerVerification)

i-vector system input
  Input feature vector length: 60
  Input data type: double

trainExtractor
  Train signals: 3774
  UBMNumComponents: 128
  UBMNumIterations: 5
  TVSRank: 64
  TVSNumIterations: 3

trainClassifier
  Train signals: 3774
  Train labels: F02 (236), F03 (236) ... and 14 more
  NumEigenvectors: 16
  PLDANumDimensions: 16
  PLDANumIterations: 3

calibrate
  Calibration signals: 3774
  Calibration labels: F02 (236), F03 (236) ... and 14 more

Split the enrollment set.

[adsEnrollPart1,adsEnrollPart2] = splitEachLabel(adsEnroll,1,2);

To enroll speakers in the i-vector system, call enroll.

enroll(speakerVerification,adsEnrollPart1,adsEnrollPart1.Labels)

Extracting i-vectors ...done.
Enrolling i-vectors .......done.
Enrollment complete.

When you enroll speakers, the read-only EnrolledLabels property is updated with the enrolled labels and corresponding template i-vectors. The table also keeps track of the number of signals used to create the template i-vector. Generally, using more signals results in a better template.

speakerVerification.EnrolledLabels

ans=4×2 table
              ivector       NumSamples
           _____________    __________

    F01    {16×1 double}        1     
    F05    {16×1 double}        1     
    M01    {16×1 double}        1     
    M05    {16×1 double}        1     

Enroll the second part of the enrollment set and then view the enrolled labels table again. The i-vector templates and the number of samples are updated.

enroll(speakerVerification,adsEnrollPart2,adsEnrollPart2.Labels)

Extracting i-vectors ...done.
Enrolling i-vectors .......done.
Enrollment complete.

speakerVerification.EnrolledLabels

ans=4×2 table
              ivector       NumSamples
           _____________    __________

    F01    {16×1 double}        3     
    F05    {16×1 double}        3     
    M01    {16×1 double}        3     
    M05    {16×1 double}        3     

To evaluate the i-vector system and determine a decision threshold for speaker verification, call detectionErrorTradeoff.

[results, eerThreshold] = detectionErrorTradeoff(speakerVerification,adsDET,adsDET.Labels);

Extracting i-vectors ...done.
Scoring i-vector pairs ...done.
Detection error tradeoff evaluation complete.

The first output from detectionErrorTradeoff is a structure with two fields: CSS and PLDA. Each field contains a table. Each row of the table contains a possible decision threshold for speaker verification tasks, and the corresponding false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR). The FAR and FRR are determined using the enrolled speaker labels and the data input to the detectionErrorTradeoff function.

results

results = struct with fields:
    PLDA: [1000×3 table]
     CSS: [1000×3 table]

results.CSS

ans=1000×3 table
    Threshold       FAR      FRR
    __________    _______    ___

    2.3259e-10          1     0 
    2.3965e-10    0.99964     0 
    2.4693e-10    0.99928     0 
    2.5442e-10    0.99928     0 
    2.6215e-10    0.99928     0 
     2.701e-10    0.99928     0 
     2.783e-10    0.99928     0 
    2.8675e-10    0.99928     0 
    2.9545e-10    0.99928     0 
    3.0442e-10    0.99928     0 
    3.1366e-10    0.99928     0 
    3.2318e-10    0.99928     0 
    3.3299e-10    0.99928     0 
     3.431e-10    0.99928     0 
    3.5352e-10    0.99928     0 
    3.6425e-10    0.99892     0 
      ⋮

results.PLDA

ans=1000×3 table
    Threshold       FAR      FRR
    __________    _______    ___

    3.2661e-40          1     0 
    3.6177e-40    0.99964     0 
    4.0072e-40    0.99964     0 
    4.4387e-40    0.99964     0 
    4.9166e-40    0.99964     0 
    5.4459e-40    0.99964     0 
    6.0322e-40    0.99964     0 
    6.6817e-40    0.99964     0 
    7.4011e-40    0.99964     0 
     8.198e-40    0.99964     0 
    9.0806e-40    0.99964     0 
    1.0058e-39    0.99964     0 
    1.1141e-39    0.99964     0 
    1.2341e-39    0.99964     0 
    1.3669e-39    0.99964     0 
    1.5141e-39    0.99964     0 
      ⋮

The second output from detectionErrorTradeoff is a structure with two fields: CSS and PLDA. The corresponding value is the decision threshold that results in the equal error rate (when FAR and FRR are equal).

eerThreshold

eerThreshold = struct with fields:
    PLDA: 0.0398
     CSS: 0.9369

The first time you call detectionErrorTradeoff, you must provide data and corresponding labels to evaluate. Subsequently, you can get the same information, or a different analysis using the same underlying data, by calling detectionErrorTradeoff without data and labels.

Call detectionErrorTradeoff a second time with no data arguments or output arguments to visualize the detection-error tradeoff.

detectionErrorTradeoff(speakerVerification)

Call detectionErrorTradeoff again. This time, visualize only the detection-error tradeoff for the PLDA scorer.

detectionErrorTradeoff(speakerVerification,Scorer="plda")

Depending on your application, you may want to use a threshold that weights the error cost of a false acceptance higher or lower than the error cost of a false rejection. You may also be using data that is not representative of the prior probability of the speaker being present. You can use the minDCF parameter to specify custom costs and prior probability. Call detectionErrorTradeoff again, this time specify the cost of a false rejection as 1, the cost of a false acceptance as 2, and the prior probability that a speaker is present as 0.1.

costFR = 1;
costFA = 2;
priorProb = 0.1;
detectionErrorTradeoff(speakerVerification,Scorer="plda",minDCF=[costFR,costFA,priorProb])

Call detectionErrorTradeoff again. This time, get the minDCF threshold for the PLDA scorer and the parameters of the detection cost function.

[~,minDCFThreshold] = detectionErrorTradeoff(speakerVerification,Scorer="plda",minDCF=[costFR,costFA,priorProb])

minDCFThreshold = 0.4709

Test Speaker Verification System

Read a signal from the test set.

adsTest = shuffle(adsTest);
[audioIn,audioInfo] = read(adsTest);
knownSpeakerID = audioInfo.Label

knownSpeakerID = 1×1 cell array
    {'F01'}

To perform speaker verification, call verify with the audio signal and specify the speaker ID, a scorer, and a threshold for the scorer. The verify function returns a logical value indicating whether a speaker identity is accepted or rejected, and a score indicating the similarity of the input audio and the template i-vector corresponding to the enrolled label.

[tf,score] = verify(speakerVerification,audioIn,knownSpeakerID,"plda",eerThreshold.PLDA);
if tf
    fprintf('Success!\nSpeaker accepted.\nSimilarity score = %0.2f\n\n',score)
else
    fprinf('Failure!\nSpeaker rejected.\nSimilarity score = %0.2f\n\n',score)
end

Success!
Speaker accepted.
Similarity score = 1.00

Call speaker verification again. This time, specify an incorrect speaker ID.

possibleSpeakers = speakerVerification.EnrolledLabels.Properties.RowNames;
imposterIdx = find(~ismember(possibleSpeakers,knownSpeakerID));
imposter = possibleSpeakers(imposterIdx(randperm(numel(imposterIdx),1)))

imposter = 1×1 cell array
    {'M05'}

[tf,score] = verify(speakerVerification,audioIn,imposter,"plda",eerThreshold.PLDA);
if tf
    fprintf('Failure!\nSpeaker accepted.\nSimilarity score = %0.2f\n\n',score)
else
    fprintf('Success!\nSpeaker rejected.\nSimilarity score = %0.2f\n\n',score)
end

Success!
Speaker rejected.
Similarity score = 0.00

References

[1] Signal Processing and Speech Communication Laboratory. https://www.spsc.tugraz.at/databases-and-tools/ptdb-tug-pitch-tracking-database-from-graz-university-of-technology.html. Accessed 12 Dec. 2019.

Input Arguments

ivs — i-vector system

ivectorSystem object

i-vector system, specified as an object of type ivectorSystem.

data — Data to verify

column vector | matrix

Data to verify, specified as a column vector representing a single-channel (mono) audio signal or a matrix of audio features.

• If InputType is set to "audio" when the i-vector system is created, data must be a column vector with underlying type single or double.

• If InputType is set to "features" when the i-vector system is created, data must be a matrix with underlying type single or double. The matrix must consist of audio features where the number of features (columns) is locked the first time trainExtractor is called and the number of hops (rows) is variable-sized.

Data Types: single | double

label — Label to verify

categorical scalar | character vector | string

Label to verify, specified as a categorical scalar, a character vector, or a string.

Data Types: categorical | char | string

scorer — Scoring algorithm

"plda" | "css"

Scoring algorithm used by the i-vector system, specified as "plda", which corresponds to probabilistic linear discriminant analysis (PLDA), or "css", which corresponds to cosine similarity score (CSS). If the PLDA model was trained by trainClassifier, the default scorer is "plda". Otherwise, the default scorer is "css".

Data Types: char | string

threshold — Decision threshold

scalar

Decision threshold applied to the similarity score, specified as a scalar. The default decision threshold is the equal error rate of the scorer determined by calling detectionErrorTradeoff. If detectionErrorTradeoff is not called, then you must define the threshold.

Data Types: single | double

Output Arguments

tf — Correspondence indicator

true | false

Correspondence indicator, returned as a logical.

• If the i-vector system finds that data corresponds to label, tf is returned as true.

• If the i-vector system finds that data does not correspond to label, tf is returned as false.

Data Types: logical

score — Similarity score

scalar

Score indicating the similarity between the i-vector derived from data and the i-vector corresponding to label, returned as a scalar.

Data Types: double

Version History

Introduced in R2021a

R2022a: verify throws warning if scores are not calibrated

Starting in R2022a, the verify function throws a warning if it is called with two output arguments and the scores from the i-vector system are not calibrated. Use calibrate to calibrate the scores.