Constraint Enforcement
Libraries:
Simulink Control Design /
Constraint Control
Description
The Constraint Enforcement block computes the modified control actions that are closest to specified control actions subject to constraints and action bounds.
The block uses a quadratic programming (QP) solver to find the control action u that minimizes the function . Here, u0 is the unmodified control action.
The solver applies the following constraints to the optimization problem.
Here:
fx and gx are coefficients of the constraint function.
c is a bound for the constraint function.
umin is a lower bound for the control action.
umax is an upper bound for the control action.
The Constraint Enforcement block requires Optimization Toolbox™ software.
For more information on constraint enforcement, see Constraint Enforcement for Control Design.
Examples
Train Reinforcement Learning Agent with Constraint Enforcement
Train a reinforcement learning agent with actions constrained using the Constraint Enforcement block.
Enforce Constraints for PID Controllers
Apply a known constraint function to a PID control application using the Constraint Enforcement block.
Learn and Apply Constraints for PID Controllers
Learn and apply an unknown constraint function for a PID control application using the Constraint Enforcement block.
Train RL Agent for Adaptive Cruise Control with Constraint Enforcement
Train a reinforcement learning agent for adaptive cruise control with enforced constraints on velocity and following distance.
Ports
Input
u0 — Control actions
scalar | vector
Unmodified control actions, specified as a scalar or a vector.
If the Number of actions parameter is 1
,
connect u0 to a scalar signal. Otherwise, connect
u0 to a vector signal with length equal to Number of
actions.
fx — Constraint function offset coefficient
scalar | vector
Offset coefficient fx in the following constraint equation.
If the Number of constraints parameter is
1
, connect fx to a scalar signal. Otherwise,
connect fx to a vector signal with length equal to
Number of constraints.
gx — Constraint function linear coefficient
scalar | vector | matrix
Linear coefficient gx in the following constraint equation.
Connect gx to an Nc-by-Nu signal, where Nc is equal to the Number of constraints parameter and Nu is equal to the Number of actions parameter.
c — Constraint bounds
scalar | vector
Run-time constraint bound c in the following constraint function.
If the Number of constraints parameter is
1
, connect c to a scalar signal. Otherwise,
connect c to a vector signal with length equal to
Number of constraints.
If this port is disabled, the block uses the constant constraint bounds specified using the Constraint bound parameter.
Dependencies
To enable this input port, select the Use external source parameter.
umax — Action signal upper bounds
scalar | vector
To specify run-time upper bounds to the action signals, enable this input port. If this port is disabled, the block does not apply any upper bounds to the control actions.
If the Number of actions parameter is 1
,
connect umax to a scalar signal. Otherwise, connect
umax to a vector signal with length equal to Number
of actions.
Dependencies
To enable this input port, select the Use external source for upper bound parameter.
umin — Action signal lower bounds
scalar | vector
To specify run-time lower bounds to the action signals, enable this input port. If this port is disabled, the block does not apply any lower bounds to the control actions.
If the Number of actions parameter is 1
,
connect umin to a scalar signal. Otherwise, connect
umin to a vector signal with length equal to Number
of actions.
Dependencies
To enable this input port, select the Use external source for lower bound parameter.
Output
u* — Modified control action
scalar | vector
Modified control action returned by the QP solver.
If the solver finds a solution before reaching the maximum number of iterations, u* outputs this optimal solution.
If the solver reaches the maximum number of iterations, optimization stops and u* outputs a suboptimal solution.
If the initial optimization problem is infeasible, the returned control action depends on the whether the block is configured to ignore constraint or action bounds. For more information, see the exitflag parameter.
If the Number of actions parameter is 1
,
u* outputs a scalar signal. Otherwise, u*
outputs a vector signal with length equal to Number of
actions.
exitflag — Optimization status
1
| 2
| 3
| 4
| 0
| negative integer
Optimization status of the QP solver. The following table shows the possible status values.
Exit Flag | Description |
---|---|
1 | The solver converged to an optimal solution with all constraints and bounds active. In this case, u* outputs the optimal control actions. |
2 | The initial optimization problem was infeasible and the block is configured to ignore all constraints and bounds. In this case, u* outputs the unmodified control action u0. |
3 | The initial optimization problem was infeasible. The block reran the optimization ignoring the action bounds and found a feasible solution, which the block outputs in u*. |
4 | The initial optimization problem was infeasible. The block reran the optimization ignoring the constraint bounds and found a feasible solution, which the block outputs in u*. |
0 | The solver reached the maximum number of iterations. The control actions output in u* might be suboptimal. |
negative integer | The initial optimization problem was infeasible and one of the following scenarios applies.
In this case, the control actions output in u* are zero. |
Dependencies
To enable this output port, select the Optimization status parameter.
Parameters
Number of constraints — Number of constraints
1
(default) | positive integer
Specify the number of constraints to enforce.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
nc |
Type: character vector |
Default:
'1' |
Number of actions — Number of actions
1
(default) | positive integer
Specify the number of actions to apply bounds to and optimize.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
nu |
Type: character vector |
Default:
'1' |
Constraint bound — Constraint bounds
0
(default) | finite scalar | vector
Specify constant bounds for constraints. If the Number of
constraints parameter is 1
, specify Constraint
bound as a finite scalar. Otherwise, specify Constraint
bound as a vector of finite value with length equal to Number of
constraints.
If your constraints vary at run time, select the Use external source parameter and connect the run-time constraint signal to the c input port.
Dependencies
To enable this parameter, clear the Use external source parameter.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
c |
Type: character vector |
Default:
'0' |
Use external source — Add external constraint bound input port
off
(default) | on
Select this parameter to add the c input port for external constraint bounds.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
external_c |
Type: character vector |
Values:
'off' |'on' |
Default:
'off' |
Use external source for upper bound — Add upper action bound input port
off
(default) | on
Select this parameter to add the umax input port for external upper action bounds.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
external_umax |
Type: character vector |
Values:
'off' |'on' |
Default:
'off' |
Use external source for lower bound — Add lower action bound input port
off (default) | on
Select this parameter to add the umin input port for external lower action bounds.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
external_umin |
Type: character vector |
Values:
'off' |'on' |
Default:
'off' |
Sample time — Optimization sample time
0.1
(default) | positive scalar
Specify the sample time for running the optimization.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
Ts |
Type: character vector |
Default:
'0.1' |
Maximum iterations — Maximum optimization iterations
200
(default) | positive integer
Specify the maximum number of optimization iterations.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
maxiter |
Type: character vector |
Default:
'200' |
Constraint tolerance — Tolerance for constraint violations
1e-6
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Specify a tolerance value for constraint violations.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
tol |
Type: character vector |
Default:
'1e-6' |
Optimization status — Add exit flag output port
off
(default) | on
Select this parameter to add the exitflag output port for the optimization status of the QP solver.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
exitflag |
Type: character vector |
Values:
'off' |'on' |
Default:
'off' |
Ignore constraints when QP is infeasible — Disable constraints when optimization is infeasible
off
(default) | on
When you select this parameter, if the initial QP problem is infeasible, the block reruns the optimization with the constraints disabled.
When you select both this parameter and Ignore action bounds when QP is infeasible, if the initial QP problem is infeasible, the block outputs the unmodified action signal.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
relax_c |
Type: character vector |
Values:
'off' |'on' |
Default:
'off' |
Ignore action bounds when QP is infeasible — Disable action bounds when optimization is infeasible
off
(default) | on
When you select this parameter, if the initial QP problem is infeasible, the block reruns the optimization with the action bounds disabled. The block ignores this parameter if both the umax and umin input ports are disabled.
When you select both this parameter and Ignore constraints when QP is infeasible, if the initial QP problem is infeasible, the block outputs the unmodified action signal.
Programmatic Use
Block Parameter:
relax_u |
Type: character vector |
Values:
'off' |'on' |
Default:
'off' |
Extended Capabilities
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.
The Constraint Enforcement block supports code generation for double-precision signals only.
Version History
Introduced in R2021aR2023b: Library location changed
The Constraint Enforcement block is now in the Simulink Control Design/Constraint Control sublibrary.
In R2023b, when you open a model saved in a previous release, the library links for Constraint Enforcement blocks update automatically.
See Also
Comando de MATLAB
Ha hecho clic en un enlace que corresponde a este comando de MATLAB:
Ejecute el comando introduciéndolo en la ventana de comandos de MATLAB. Los navegadores web no admiten comandos de MATLAB.
Select a Web Site
Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: .
You can also select a web site from the following list:
How to Get Best Site Performance
Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location.
Americas
- América Latina (Español)
- Canada (English)
- United States (English)
Europe
- Belgium (English)
- Denmark (English)
- Deutschland (Deutsch)
- España (Español)
- Finland (English)
- France (Français)
- Ireland (English)
- Italia (Italiano)
- Luxembourg (English)
- Netherlands (English)
- Norway (English)
- Österreich (Deutsch)
- Portugal (English)
- Sweden (English)
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom (English)