reflect

Reflected signal from moving bicyclist

Since R2021a

Syntax

Y = reflect(bicyclist,X,ang)

Description

Y = reflect(bicyclist,X,ang) returns the total reflected signal, Y, from a bicyclist. The total reflected signal is the sum of all reflected signals from the bicyclist scatterers. X represents the incident signals at each scatterer. ang defines the directions of the incident and reflected signals with respect to the each scatterers.

The reflected signal strength depends on the value of the radar cross-section at the incident angle. This simplified model uses the same value for all scatterers.

Examples

Radar Signal Backscattered by Bicyclist

Compute the backscattered radar signal from a bicyclist moving along the x-axis at 5 m/s away from a radar. Assume that the radar is located at the origin. The radar transmits an LFM signal at 24 GHz with a 300 MHz bandwidth. A signal is reflected at the moment the bicyclist starts to move and then one second later.

Initialize Bicyclist, Waveform, and Propagation Channel Objects

Initialize the backscatterBicyclist, phased.LinearFMWaveform, and phased.FreeSpace objects. Assume a 300 MHz sampling frequency. The initial position of the bicyclist lies on the x-axis 30 meters from the radar.

bw = 300e6;
fs = bw;
fc = 24e9;
radarpos = [0;0;0];
bpos = [30;0;0];
bicyclist = backscatterBicyclist( ...
    'OperatingFrequency',fc,'NumWheelSpokes',15, ...
    'InitialPosition',bpos,'Speed',5.0, ...
    'InitialHeading',0.0);
lfmwav = phased.LinearFMWaveform( ...
    'SampleRate',fs, ...
    'SweepBandwidth',bw);
sig = lfmwav();
chan = phased.FreeSpace( ...
    'OperatingFrequency',fc, ...
    'SampleRate',fs, ...
    'TwoWayPropagation',true);

Plot Initial Bicyclist Position

Using the move object function, obtain the initial scatterer positions, velocities and the orientation of the bicyclist. Plot the initial position of the bicyclist. The dt argument of the move object function determines that the next call to move returns the bicyclist state of motion dt seconds later.

dt = 1.0;
[bpos,bvel,bax] = move(bicyclist,dt,0);
plot(bicyclist)

Obtain First Reflected Signal

Propagate the signal to all scatterers and obtain the cumulative reflected return signal.

N = getNumScatterers(bicyclist);
sigtrns = chan(repmat(sig,1,N),radarpos,bpos,[0;0;0],bvel);
[rngs,ang] = rangeangle(radarpos,bpos,bax);
y0 = reflect(bicyclist,sigtrns,ang);

Plot Bicyclist Position After Position Update

After the bicyclist has moved, obtain the scatterer positions and velocities and then move the bicycle along its trajectory for another second.

[bpos,bvel,bax] = move(bicyclist,dt,0);
plot(bicyclist)

Obtain Second Reflected Signal

Propagate the signal to all scatterers at their new positions and obtain the cumulative reflected return signal.

sigtrns = chan(repmat(sig,1,N),radarpos,bpos,[0;0;0],bvel);
[~,ang] = rangeangle(radarpos,bpos,bax);
y1 = reflect(bicyclist,sigtrns,ang);

Match Filter Reflected Signals

Match filter the reflected signals and plot them together.

mfsig = getMatchedFilter(lfmwav);
nsamp = length(mfsig);
mf = phased.MatchedFilter('Coefficients',mfsig);
ymf = mf([y0 y1]);
fdelay = (nsamp-1)/fs;
t = (0:size(ymf,1)-1)/fs - fdelay;
c = physconst('LightSpeed');
plot(c*t/2,mag2db(abs(ymf)))
ylim([-200 -50])
xlabel('Range (m)')
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)')
ax = axis;
axis([0,100,ax(3),ax(4)])
grid
legend('First pulse','Second pulse')

Compute the difference in range between the maxima of the two pulses.

[maxy,idx] = max(abs(ymf));
dpeaks = t(1,idx(2)) - t(1,idx(1));
drng = c*dpeaks/2

drng = 
4.9965

The range difference is 5 m, as expected given the bicyclist speed.

Input Arguments

bicyclist — Bicyclist target

backscatterBicyclist object

Bicyclist, specified as a backscatterBicyclist object.

X — Incident radar signals

complex-valued M-by-N matrix

Incident radar signals on each bicyclist scatterer, specified as a complex-valued M-by-N matrix. M is the number of samples in the signal. N is the number of point scatterers on the bicyclist and is determined partly from the number of spokes in each wheel, N_ws. See Bicycle Scatterer Indices for the column representing the incident signal at each scatterer.

The size of the first dimension of the input matrix can vary to simulate a changing signal length. A size change can occur, for example, in the case of a pulse waveform with variable pulse repetition frequency.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

ang — Directions of incident signals

real-valued 2-by-P matrix

Directions of incident signals on the bicyclist scatterers, specified as a real-valued 2-by-N matrix. N equals the number of columns in X. Each column of Ang specifies the incident direction of the signal to a scatterer taking the form of an azimuth-elevation pair, [AzimuthAngle;ElevationAngle]. Units are in degrees. See Bicycle Scatterer Indices for the column representing the incident direction at each scatterer.

Data Types: double

Output Arguments

Y — Total reflected radar signals

complex-valued M-by-1 column vector

Total reflected radar signals, returned as a complex-valued M-by-1 column vector. M equals the number of samples in the input signal, X.

Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes

More About

Bicycle Scatterer Indices

Bicyclist scatterer indices define which columns in the scatterer position or velocity matrices contain the position and velocity data for a specific scatterer. For example, column 92 of bpos specifies the 3-D position of one of the scatterers on a pedal.

The wheel scatterers are equally divided between the wheels. You can determine the total number of wheel scatterers, N, by subtracting 113 from the output of the getNumScatterers function. The number of scatterers per wheel is N_sw = N/2.

Bicyclist Scatterer Indices

Bicyclist Component	Bicyclist Scatterer Index
Frame and rider	1 … 90
Pedals	91 … 99
Rider legs	100 … 113
Front wheel	114 … 114 + Nsw - 1
Rear wheel	114 + Nsw … 114 + N - 1

Algorithms

Radar Cross-Section

The value of the radar cross-section (RCS) of a scatterer generally depends upon the incident angle of the reflected radiation. The backscatterBicyclist object uses a simplified RCS model: the RCS pattern of an individual scatterer equals the total bicyclist pattern divided by the number of scatterers. The value of the RCS is computed from the RCS pattern evaluated at an average over all scatterers of the azimuth and elevation incident angles. Therefore, the RCS value is the same for all scatterers. You can specify the RCS pattern using the RCSPattern property of the backscatterBicyclist object or use the default value.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2021a