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Estimate Category-Specific PK Parameters for Multiple Individuals

This example uses:

Open Live Script

This example shows how to estimate category-specific (such as young versus old, male versus female), individual-specific, and population-wide parameters using PK profile data from multiple individuals.

Background

Suppose you have drug plasma concentration data from 30 individuals and want to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters, namely the volumes of central and peripheral compartment, the clearance, and intercompartmental clearance. Assume the drug concentration versus the time profile follows the biexponential decline Ct=Ae-at+Be-bt, where Ct is the drug concentration at time t, and a and b are slopes for corresponding exponential declines.

Load Data

This synthetic data contains the time course of plasma concentrations of 30 individuals after a bolus dose (100 mg) measured at different times for both central and peripheral compartments. It also contains categorical variables, namely Sex and Age.

clear
load('sd5_302RAgeSex.mat')

Convert to groupedData Format

Convert the data set to a groupedData object, which is the required data format for the fitting function sbiofit. A groupedData object also allows you set independent variable and group variable names (if they exist). Set the units of the ID, Time, CentralConc, PeripheralConc, Age, and Sex variables. The units are optional and only required for the UnitConversion feature, which automatically converts matching physical quantities to one consistent unit system.

gData = groupedData(data);
gData.Properties.VariableUnits = {'','hour','milligram/liter','milligram/liter','',''};
gData.Properties
ans = struct with fields:
                Description: ''
                   UserData: []
             DimensionNames: {'Row'  'Variables'}
              VariableNames: {'ID'  'Time'  'CentralConc'  'PeripheralConc'  'Sex'  'Age'}
              VariableTypes: ["double"    "double"    "double"    "double"    "categorical"    "categorical"]
       VariableDescriptions: {}
              VariableUnits: {''  'hour'  'milligram/liter'  'milligram/liter'  ''  ''}
         VariableContinuity: []
                   RowNames: {}
           CustomProperties: [1x1 matlab.tabular.CustomProperties]
          GroupVariableName: 'ID'
    IndependentVariableName: 'Time'

The IndependentVariableName and GroupVariableName properties have been automatically set to the Time and ID variables of the data.

Visualize Data

Display the response data for each individual.

t = sbiotrellis(gData,'ID','Time',{'CentralConc','PeripheralConc'},...
                'Marker','+','LineStyle','none');
% Resize the figure.
t.hFig.Position(:) = [100 100 1280 800];

Figure contains 30 axes objects. Axes object 1 with title ID 1 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 2 with title ID 2 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 3 with title ID 3 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 4 with title ID 4 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 5 with title ID 5 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 6 with title ID 6 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 7 with title ID 7 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 8 with title ID 8 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 9 with title ID 9 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 10 with title ID 10 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 11 with title ID 11 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 12 with title ID 12 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 13 with title ID 13 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 14 with title ID 14 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 15 with title ID 15 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 16 with title ID 16 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 17 with title ID 17 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 18 with title ID 18 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 19 with title ID 19 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 20 with title ID 20 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 21 with title ID 21 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 22 with title ID 22 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 23 with title ID 23 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 24 with title ID 24 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 25 with title ID 25 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 26 with title ID 26 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 27 with title ID 27 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 28 with title ID 28 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 29 with title ID 29 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 30 with title ID 30 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent CentralConc, PeripheralConc.

Set Up a Two-Compartment Model

Use the built-in PK library to construct a two-compartment model with infusion dosing and first-order elimination where the elimination rate depends on the clearance and volume of the central compartment. Use the configset object to turn on unit conversion.

pkmd                                    = PKModelDesign;
pkc1                                    = addCompartment(pkmd,'Central');
pkc1.DosingType                         = 'Bolus';
pkc1.EliminationType                    = 'linear-clearance';
pkc1.HasResponseVariable                = true;
pkc2                                    = addCompartment(pkmd,'Peripheral');
model                                   = construct(pkmd);
configset                               = getconfigset(model);
configset.CompileOptions.UnitConversion = true;

For details on creating compartmental PK models using the SimBiology® built-in library, see Create Pharmacokinetic Models.

Define Dosing

Assume every individual receives a bolus dose of 100 mg at time = 0. For details on setting up different dosing strategies, see Doses in SimBiology Models.

dose             = sbiodose('dose','TargetName','Drug_Central');
dose.StartTime   = 0;
dose.Amount      = 100;
dose.AmountUnits = 'milligram';
dose.TimeUnits   = 'hour';

Map the Response Data to Corresponding Model Components

The data contains measured plasma concentration in the central and peripheral compartments. Map these variables to the appropriate model components, which are Drug_Central and Drug_Peripheral.

responseMap = {'Drug_Central = CentralConc','Drug_Peripheral = PeripheralConc'};

Specify Parameters to Estimate

Specify the volumes of central and peripheral compartments Central and Peripheral, intercompartmental clearance Q12, and clearance Cl_Central as parameters to estimate. The estimatedInfo object lets you optionally specify parameter transforms, initial values, and parameter bounds. Since both Central and Peripheral are constrained to be positive, specify a log-transform for each parameter.

paramsToEstimate    = {'log(Central)', 'log(Peripheral)', 'Q12', 'Cl_Central'};
estimatedParam      = estimatedInfo(paramsToEstimate,'InitialValue',[1 1 1 1]);

Estimate Individual-Specific Parameters

Estimate one set of parameters for each individual by setting the 'Pooled' name-value pair argument to false.

unpooledFit =  sbiofit(model,gData,responseMap,estimatedParam,dose,'Pooled',false);

Display Results

Plot the fitted results versus the original data for each individual (group).

plot(unpooledFit);

Figure contains 32 axes objects. Axes object 1 with title 30 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 2 with title 29 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 3 with title 28 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 4 with title 27 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 5 with title 26 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 6 with title 25 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 7 with title 24 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 8 with title 23 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 9 with title 22 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 10 with title 21 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 11 with title 20 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 12 with title 19 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 13 with title 18 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 14 with title 17 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 15 with title 16 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 16 with title 15 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 17 with title 14 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 18 with title 13 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 19 with title 12 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 20 with title 11 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 21 with title 10 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 22 with title 9 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 23 with title 8 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 24 with title 7 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 25 with title 6 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 26 with title 5 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 27 with title 4 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 28 with title 3 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 29 with title 2 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 30 with title 1 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Hidden axes object 31 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Predicted (Predicted.Central.Drug_Central), Observed (Observed.CentralConc). Hidden axes object 32 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Predicted (Predicted.Peripheral.Drug_Peripheral), Observed (Observed.PeripheralConc).

For an unpooled fit, sbiofit always returns one results object for each individual.

Examine Parameter Estimates for Category Dependencies

Explore the unpooled estimates to see if there is any category-specific parameters, that is, if some parameters are related to one or more categories. If there are any category dependencies, it might be possible to reduce the number of degrees of freedom by estimating just category-specific values for those parameters.

First extract the ID and category values for each ID

catParamValues = unique(gData(:,{'ID','Sex','Age'}));

Add variables to the table containing each parameter's estimate.

allParamValues            = vertcat(unpooledFit.ParameterEstimates);
catParamValues.Central    = allParamValues.Estimate(strcmp(allParamValues.Name, 'Central'));
catParamValues.Peripheral = allParamValues.Estimate(strcmp(allParamValues.Name, 'Peripheral'));
catParamValues.Q12        = allParamValues.Estimate(strcmp(allParamValues.Name, 'Q12'));
catParamValues.Cl_Central = allParamValues.Estimate(strcmp(allParamValues.Name, 'Cl_Central'));

Plot estimates of each parameter for each category. gscatter requires Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox™. If you do not have it, use other alternative plotting functions such as plot.

h           = figure;
ylabels     = ["Central","Peripheral","Q12","Cl\_Central"];
plotNumber  = 1;
for i = 1:4
    thisParam = estimatedParam(i).Name;
    
    % Plot for Sex category
    subplot(4,2,plotNumber);
    plotNumber  = plotNumber + 1;
    gscatter(double(catParamValues.Sex), catParamValues.(thisParam), catParamValues.Sex);
    ax          = gca;
    ax.XTick    = [];
    ylabel(ylabels(i));
    legend('Location','bestoutside')
    % Plot for Age category
    subplot(4,2,plotNumber);
    plotNumber  = plotNumber + 1;
    gscatter(double(catParamValues.Age), catParamValues.(thisParam), catParamValues.Age);
    ax          = gca;
    ax.XTick    = [];
    ylabel(ylabels(i));
    legend('Location','bestoutside')
end
% Resize the figure.
h.Position(:) = [100 100 1280 800];

Figure contains 8 axes objects. Axes object 1 with ylabel Central contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Female, Male. Axes object 2 with ylabel Central contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Old, Young. Axes object 3 with ylabel Peripheral contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Female, Male. Axes object 4 with ylabel Peripheral contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Old, Young. Axes object 5 with ylabel Q12 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Female, Male. Axes object 6 with ylabel Q12 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Old, Young. Axes object 7 with ylabel Cl\_Central contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Female, Male. Axes object 8 with ylabel Cl\_Central contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Old, Young.

Based on the plot, it seems that young individuals tend to have higher volumes of central and peripheral compartments (Central, Peripheral) than old individuals (that is, the volumes seem to be age-specific). In addition, males tend to have lower clearance rates (Cl_Central) than females but the opposite for the Q12 parameter (that is, the clearance and Q12 seem to be sex-specific).

Estimate Category-Specific Parameters

Use the 'CategoryVariableName' property of the estimatedInfo object to specify which category to use during fitting. Use 'Sex' as the group to fit for the clearance Cl_Central and Q12 parameters. Use 'Age' as the group to fit for the Central and Peripheral parameters.

estimatedParam(1).CategoryVariableName = 'Age';
estimatedParam(2).CategoryVariableName = 'Age';
estimatedParam(3).CategoryVariableName = 'Sex';
estimatedParam(4).CategoryVariableName = 'Sex';
categoryFit = sbiofit(model,gData,responseMap,estimatedParam,dose)
categoryFit = 
  OptimResults with properties:

                   ExitFlag: 3
                     Output: [1x1 struct]
                  GroupName: []
                       Beta: [8x5 table]
         ParameterEstimates: [120x6 table]
                          J: [240x8x2 double]
                       COVB: [8x8 double]
           CovarianceMatrix: [8x8 double]
                          R: [240x2 double]
                        MSE: 0.4362
                        SSE: 205.8690
                    Weights: []
              LogLikelihood: -477.9195
                        AIC: 971.8390
                        BIC: 1.0052e+03
                        DFE: 472
             DependentFiles: {1x3 cell}
                       Data: [240x6 groupedData]
    EstimatedParameterNames: {'Central'  'Peripheral'  'Q12'  'Cl_Central'}
             ErrorModelInfo: [1x3 table]
         EstimationFunction: 'lsqnonlin'

When fitting by category (or group), sbiofit always returns one results object, not one for each category level. This is because both male and female individuals are considered to be part of the same optimization using the same error model and error parameters, similarly for the young and old individuals.

Plot Results

Plot the category-specific estimated results.

plot(categoryFit);

Figure contains 32 axes objects. Axes object 1 with title 30 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 2 with title 29 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 3 with title 28 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 4 with title 27 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 5 with title 26 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 6 with title 25 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 7 with title 24 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 8 with title 23 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 9 with title 22 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 10 with title 21 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 11 with title 20 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 12 with title 19 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 13 with title 18 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 14 with title 17 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 15 with title 16 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 16 with title 15 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 17 with title 14 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 18 with title 13 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 19 with title 12 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 20 with title 11 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 21 with title 10 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 22 with title 9 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 23 with title 8 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 24 with title 7 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 25 with title 6 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 26 with title 5 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 27 with title 4 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 28 with title 3 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 29 with title 2 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 30 with title 1 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Hidden axes object 31 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Predicted (Predicted.Central.Drug_Central), Observed (Observed.CentralConc). Hidden axes object 32 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Predicted (Predicted.Peripheral.Drug_Peripheral), Observed (Observed.PeripheralConc).

For the Cl_Central and Q12 parameters, all males had the same estimates, and similarly for the females. For the Central and Peripheral parameters, all young individuals had the same estimates, and similarly for the old individuals.

Estimate Population-Wide Parameters

To better compare the results, fit the model to all of the data pooled together, that is, estimate one set of parameters for all individuals by setting the 'Pooled' name-value pair argument to true. The warning message tells you that this option will ignore any category-specific information (if they exist).

pooledFit = sbiofit(model,gData,responseMap,estimatedParam,dose,'Pooled',true);
Warning: CategoryVariableName property of the estimatedInfo object is ignored when using the 'Pooled' option.

Plot Results

Plot the fitted results versus the original data. Although a separate plot was generated for each individual, the data was fitted using the same set of parameters (that is, all individuals had the same fitted line).

plot(pooledFit);

Figure contains 32 axes objects. Axes object 1 with title 30 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 2 with title 29 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 3 with title 28 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 4 with title 27 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 5 with title 26 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 6 with title 25 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 7 with title 24 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 8 with title 23 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 9 with title 22 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 10 with title 21 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 11 with title 20 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 12 with title 19 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 13 with title 18 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 14 with title 17 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 15 with title 16 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 16 with title 15 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 17 with title 14 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 18 with title 13 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 19 with title 12 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 20 with title 11 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 21 with title 10 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 22 with title 9 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 23 with title 8 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 24 with title 7 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 25 with title 6 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 26 with title 5 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 27 with title 4 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 28 with title 3 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 29 with title 2 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Axes object 30 with title 1 contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers Hidden axes object 31 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Predicted (Predicted.Central.Drug_Central), Observed (Observed.CentralConc). Hidden axes object 32 contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Predicted (Predicted.Peripheral.Drug_Peripheral), Observed (Observed.PeripheralConc).

Compare Residuals

Compare residuals of CentralConc and PeripheralConc responses for each fit.

t = gData.Time;
allResid(:,:,1) = pooledFit.R;
allResid(:,:,2) = categoryFit.R;
allResid(:,:,3) = vertcat(unpooledFit.R);

h = figure;
responseList = {'CentralConc', 'PeripheralConc'};
for i = 1:2
    subplot(2,1,i);
    oneResid = squeeze(allResid(:,i,:));
    plot(t,oneResid,'o');
    refline(0,0); % A reference line representing a zero residual
    title(sprintf('Residuals (%s)', responseList{i}));
    xlabel('Time');
    ylabel('Residuals');
    legend({'Pooled','Category-Specific','Unpooled'});
end
% Resize the figure.
h.Position(:) = [100 100 1280 800];

Figure contains 2 axes objects. Axes object 1 with title Residuals (CentralConc), xlabel Time, ylabel Residuals contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Pooled, Category-Specific, Unpooled. Axes object 2 with title Residuals (PeripheralConc), xlabel Time, ylabel Residuals contains 4 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent Pooled, Category-Specific, Unpooled.

As shown in the plot, the unpooled fit produced the best fit to the data as it fit the data to each individual. This was expected since it used the most number of degrees of freedom. The category-fit reduced the number of degrees of freedom by fitting the data to two categories (sex and age). As a result, the residuals were larger than the unpooled fit, but still smaller than the population-fit, which estimated just one set of parameters for all individuals. The category-fit might be a good compromise between the unpooled and pooled fitting provided that any hierarchical model exists within your data.

See Also

Related Topics