Stereo Vision

What Is Stereo Vision?

Stereo vision is the process of extracting 3D information from multiple 2D views of a scene. Stereo vision is used in applications such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and robot navigation where stereo vision is used to estimate the actual distance or range of objects of interest from the camera.

The 3D information can be obtained from a pair of images, also known as a stereo pair, by estimating the relative depth of points in the scene. These estimates are represented in a stereo disparity map, which is constructed by matching corresponding points in the stereo pair.

Reconstructing a scene using a pair of stereo images

Reconstructing a scene using a pair of stereo images (top left and top right). To visualize the disparity, the right channel is combined with the left channel to create a composite (middle left). Also shown are a disparity map of the scene (middle right) and a 3D rendering of the scene (bottom center). See example for MATLAB code and explanation.

Stereo images are rectified to simplify matching, so that a corresponding point in one image can be found in the same row in the other image. This reduces the 2D stereo correspondence problem to a 1D problem. There are two approaches to stereo image rectification, calibrated and un-calibrated rectification. Un-calibrated stereo image rectification is achieved by determining a set of matched interest points, estimating the fundamental matrix, and then deriving two projective transformations. Calibrated stereo rectification uses information from the stereo camera calibration process.
 
Rectified stereo image pair

Rectified stereo image pair. Notice that matching points reside on the same row. See example for MATLAB code and explanation.

Stereo anaglyph showing calibrated stereo rectification.

Stereo anaglyph showing calibrated stereo image rectification. See example for MATLAB code and explanation.

Stereo camera calibration is used to determine the intrinsic parameters and relative location of cameras in a stereo pair, this information is used for stereo rectification and 3D reconstruction.

Calibrating a stereo pair

Calibrating a stereo pair using a checker board pattern using the Stereo Camera Calibrator App.

Stereo vision is also used in applications such as 3D movie recording and production, object tracking, machine vision, and range sensing. For more information on stereo vision, see Computer Vision Toolbox™.

See also: object detection, image and video image processing, RANSAC, feature matching, feature extraction, RANSAC, point cloud, SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), computer vision