buttap

Butterworth filter prototype

Syntax

[z,p,k] = buttap(n)

Description

[z,p,k] = buttap(n) returns the poles and gain of an order n Butterworth analog lowpass filter prototype.

Examples

Frequency Response of a Butterworth Analog Filter

Design a 9th-order Butterworth analog lowpass filter. Display its magnitude and phase responses.

[z,p,k] = buttap(9);          % Butterworth filter prototype
[num,den] = zp2tf(z,p,k);     % Convert to transfer function form
freqs(num,den)                % Frequency response of analog filter

Input Arguments

n — Order of Butterworth filter

positive integer scalar

Order of Butterworth filter, specified as a positive integer scalar.

Output Arguments

z — Zeros

matrix

Zeros of the system, returned as a matrix. z contains the numerator zeros in its columns. z is an empty matrix because there are no zeros.

p — Poles

column vector

Poles of the system, returned as a column vector. p contains the pole locations of the denominator coefficients of the transfer function.

k — Gains

scalar

Gains of the system, returned as a scalar. k contains the gains for each numerator transfer function.

Algorithms

The function buttap returns the poles in the length n column vector p and the gain in scalar k. z is an empty matrix because there are no zeros. The transfer function is

$$H(s)=\frac{z(s)}{p(s)}=\frac{k}{\left(s-p(1)\right)\left(s-p(2)\right)\cdots \left(s-p(n)\right)}$$

z = [];
p = exp(sqrt(-1)*(pi*(1:2:2*n-1)/(2*n)+pi/2)).';
k = real(prod(-p));

Note

The function buttap returns zeros, poles, and gain (z, p, and k) in MATLAB^®. However, the generated C/C++ code for buttap returns only poles p and gain k since zeros z is always an empty matrix.

Butterworth filters are characterized by a magnitude response that is maximally flat in the passband and monotonic overall. In the lowpass case, the first 2n-1 derivatives of the squared magnitude response are zero at ω = 0. The squared magnitude response function is

$${\left|H(\omega )\right|}^2=\frac{1}{1+{(\omega /{\omega }_0)}^{2n}}$$

corresponding to a transfer function with poles equally spaced around a circle in the left half plane. The magnitude response at the cutoff angular frequency ω₀ is always $$1/\sqrt{2}$$ regardless of the filter order. buttap sets ω₀ to 1 for a normalized result.

References

[1] Parks, T. W., and C. S. Burrus. Digital Filter Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.